What Is Gum Disease?
Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is an infection of the tissues that hold your teeth in place. It is typically caused by a build-up of plaque — a sticky film of bacteria that forms on your teeth every day. When plaque is not removed through regular brushing and flossing, it hardens into tartar (calculus), which can only be removed by a dentist.
There are two main stages of gum disease: gingivitis and periodontitis. Understanding the difference is key to getting the right treatment at the right time.
Common Signs of Gum Disease
Gum disease often develops silently, with few obvious symptoms in the early stages. However, there are several warning signs you should never ignore.
1. Bleeding Gums When Brushing or Flossing
Healthy gums should not bleed when you brush or floss. If you notice pink on your toothbrush or blood when you spit, this is one of the earliest signs of gingivitis. Many people dismiss this as "normal," but it is your body telling you something is wrong.
2. Red, Swollen, or Tender Gums
Healthy gums are pale pink and firm. If your gums appear red, puffy, or feel sore to the touch, inflammation is likely present. This swelling is caused by your immune system responding to the bacteria in plaque and tartar along your gumline.
3. Persistent Bad Breath
Chronic bad breath (halitosis) that does not go away after brushing can be a sign of gum disease. The bacteria that cause gum infection produce foul-smelling compounds. If mouthwash and brushing only mask the problem temporarily, it is worth having your gums checked.
4. Receding Gums
If your teeth appear longer than before, or if you can see more of the tooth root, your gums may be receding. Gum recession exposes the sensitive root surface of your teeth, making them more vulnerable to decay and sensitivity. This is a sign that the disease has progressed beyond the early stages.
5. Loose or Shifting Teeth
In advanced periodontitis, the bone that supports your teeth begins to break down. This can cause teeth to feel loose, shift position, or create gaps between them. If you notice changes in how your teeth fit together when you bite, see a dentist promptly.
Gingivitis vs Periodontitis: What's the Difference?
Gingivitis is the early, mild form of gum disease. It causes redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gums but does not yet affect the bone. The good news is that gingivitis is fully reversible with professional cleaning and improved oral hygiene at home.
Periodontitis is the advanced stage. It occurs when gingivitis is left untreated and the infection spreads below the gumline. The bacteria cause the bone and connective tissue to break down, forming "pockets" around the teeth. Once bone is lost, it does not grow back on its own. However, with proper treatment, the disease can be managed and further damage prevented.
Risk Factors for Gum Disease
While anyone can develop gum disease, certain factors increase your risk:
- Smoking or tobacco use — smokers are significantly more likely to develop gum disease, and smoking reduces the effectiveness of treatment.
- Diabetes — people with diabetes are more susceptible to infections, including gum disease, especially if blood sugar is not well controlled.
- Poor oral hygiene — irregular brushing and flossing allows plaque to build up and harden into tartar.
- Hormonal changes — pregnancy, menopause, and puberty can make gums more sensitive and vulnerable to inflammation.
- Medications — some drugs reduce saliva flow or cause abnormal gum tissue growth, increasing the risk of gum disease.
- Family history — genetics can play a role in how susceptible you are to periodontal disease.
Why Early Treatment Matters
Gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults worldwide. In Singapore, studies have shown that a significant proportion of adults over 35 have some form of gum disease. The longer it goes untreated, the more difficult and costly it becomes to manage.
Beyond your mouth, research has linked advanced gum disease to other health conditions, including heart disease, diabetes complications, and respiratory infections. Treating gum disease early protects not just your smile but your overall health.
Gum Treatment Options at Trust Dental
At Trust Dental Surgery, we offer a range of treatments depending on the severity of your gum condition.
Scaling and Polishing
This is a routine professional cleaning that removes plaque and tartar from above and below the gumline. It is the first line of defence against gum disease and is recommended at least twice a year. CHAS subsidies are available for eligible patients.
Root Planing (Deep Cleaning)
For patients with deeper pockets or early periodontitis, root planing smooths the root surfaces of the teeth, removing bacteria and encouraging the gums to reattach. This is typically done under local anaesthesia for your comfort.
Gum Surgery
In more advanced cases, surgical intervention may be needed to reduce pocket depth, regenerate lost bone, or graft tissue to cover exposed roots. Gum surgery at Trust Dental is Medisave claimable, and our team will guide you through the process.
How to Prevent Gum Disease
Prevention is always better than cure. Here are practical steps you can take to keep your gums healthy:
- Brush twice a day using a soft-bristled toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste. Pay attention to the gumline.
- Floss daily to remove plaque between teeth where your toothbrush cannot reach.
- Visit your dentist regularly for professional cleanings and check-ups — at least every 6 months.
- Quit smoking — this is one of the most impactful things you can do for your gum health.
- Manage underlying conditions such as diabetes, which can affect your gum health.
- Eat a balanced diet rich in vitamins C and D, which support gum and bone health.
If you have noticed any of the signs mentioned above, do not wait for the problem to worsen. Early intervention can save your teeth and prevent costly treatments down the road.